DBMS

1. Introduction to DBMS
   • What is a DBMS?
   • Advantages and disadvantages of DBMS
   • Database users and administrators
   • Data models (Hierarchical, Network, Relational, Object-oriented)
2. Database Architecture
   • Three-level architecture (internal, conceptual, external)
   • Data Independence
   • Database languages (DDL, DML, DCL, TCL)
3. Entity-Relationship (ER) Model
   • Entities, attributes, and relationships
   • ER diagrams
   • Keys (primary, candidate, super, foreign)
   • Mapping ER model to relational model
4. Relational Model
   • Structure of relational databases
   • Relational algebra and calculus
   • Integrity constraints (domain, entity, referential)
5. SQL (Structured Query Language)
   • Basic queries (SELECT, INSERT, UPDATE, DELETE)
   • Joins (INNER, OUTER, LEFT, RIGHT)
   • Subqueries and nested queries
   • Views, indexes, and sequences
   • Transactions and concurrency control
6. Normalization
   • Functional dependencies
   • Normal forms (1NF, 2NF, 3NF, BCNF, 4NF, 5NF)
   • Decomposition and lossless join
7. Transaction Management
   • ACID properties (Atomicity, Consistency, Isolation, Durability)
   • Serializability and schedules
   • Concurrency control techniques (locking, timestamping)
   • Deadlock and its prevention
8. Database Recovery
   • Types of failures
   • Recovery techniques (log-based, shadow paging, checkpoints)
9. Indexing and Hashing
   • Types of indexes (single-level, multi-level, clustered, non-clustered)
   • B+ trees, hash indexes
10. Database Security
    • Authorization and authentication
    • Security issues and solutions
11. Distributed Databases (Basics)
    • Concepts and architecture
    • Data fragmentation and replication
12. NoSQL and New Trends (Basics)
    • Introduction to NoSQL databases
    • Differences between SQL and NoSQL