SQL

1. Introduction to SQL
   • What is SQL?
   • Features and advantages
   • Types of SQL commands (DDL, DML, DCL, TCL)
2. Data Definition Language (DDL)
   • CREATE (tables, views, indexes)
   • ALTER (modify table structure)
   • DROP (remove tables, views, indexes)
   • TRUNCATE (remove all records)
3. Data Manipulation Language (DML)
   • INSERT (add data)
   • UPDATE (modify data)
   • DELETE (remove data)
   • SELECT (retrieve data)
4. Data Control Language (DCL)
   • GRANT (give privileges)
   • REVOKE (remove privileges)
5. Transaction Control Language (TCL)
   • COMMIT (save changes)
   • ROLLBACK (undo changes)
   • SAVEPOINT (set a point to rollback to)
6. Basic SQL Queries
   • SELECT statements
   • WHERE clause (filtering data)
   • ORDER BY (sorting data)
   • DISTINCT (unique values)
   • LIMIT/OFFSET (restricting results)
7. Advanced SQL Queries
   • Aggregate functions (COUNT, SUM, AVG, MIN, MAX)
   • GROUP BY and HAVING clauses
   • Subqueries (nested queries)
   • Joins (INNER, LEFT, RIGHT, FULL OUTER)
   • Set operations (UNION, INTERSECT, EXCEPT)
8. Constraints
   • PRIMARY KEY
   • FOREIGN KEY
   • UNIQUE
   • NOT NULL
   • CHECK
   • DEFAULT
9. Views
   • Creating and managing views
   • Updatable and non-updatable views
10. Indexes
    • Creating and dropping indexes
    • Types of indexes
11. Stored Procedures and Functions
    • Creating procedures and functions
    • Parameters and return values
12. Triggers
    • Creating and managing triggers
    • BEFORE and AFTER triggers
13. Cursors
    • Declaring and using cursors
14. Database Security
    • User management
    • Roles and privileges
15. SQL in Practice
    • Importing and exporting data
    • Performance tuning basics